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Transfer Hook

Transfer Hook

Summary #

  • The transfer hook extension allows developers to run custom logic on their tokens on every transfer

  • When a token has a transfer hook, the Token Extensions Program will invoke the transfer hook instruction on every token transfer

  • For the program to be able to act as a transfer hook program, it needs to implement the TransferHook interface

  • Transfer hooks may use additional accounts beyond those involved in a normal, non-hooked transfer. These are called 'extra accounts' and must be provided by the transfer instruction, and are set up in in extra-account-metas when creating the token mint.

  • Within the transfer hook CPI, the sender, mint, receiver and owner are all de-escalated, meaning they are read-only to the hook. Meaning none of those accounts can sign or be written to.

Overview #

The transfer-hook extension allows custom onchain logic to be run after each transfer within the same transaction. More specifically, the transfer-hook extension requires a 'hook' or 'callback' in the form of a Solana program following the Transfer Hook Interface. Then every time any token of that mint is transferred the Token Extensions Program calls this 'hook' as a CPI.

Additionally, the transfer-hook extension also stores extra-account-metas, which are any additional accounts needed for the hook to function.

This extension allows many new use cases, including:

  • Enforcing artist royalty payments to transfer NFTs.
  • Stopping tokens from being transferred to known bad actors (blocklists).
  • Requiring accounts to own a particular NFT to receive a token (allowlists).
  • Token analytics.

In this lesson, we'll explore how to implement transfer hooks onchain and work with them in the frontend.

Implementing transfer hooks onchain #

The first part of creating a mint with a transfer hook is to find or create an onchain program that follows the Transfer Hook Interface.

The Transfer Hook Interface specifies the transfer hook program includes:

  • Execute (required): An instruction handler that the Token Extensions Program invokes on every token transfer

  • InitializeExtraAccountMetaList (optional): creates an account (extra_account_meta_list) that stores a list of additional accounts (i.e. those needed by the transfer hook program, beyond the accounts needed for a simple transfer) required by the Execute instruction

  • UpdateExtraAccountMetaList (optional): updates the list of additional accounts by overwriting the existing list

Technically it's not required to implement the InitializeExtraAccountMetaList instruction using the interface, but it's still required to have the extra_account_meta_list account. This account can be created by any instruction on a Transfer Hook program. However, the Program Derived Address (PDA) for the account must be derived using the following seeds:

  • The hard-coded string extra-account-metas

  • The Mint Account address

  • The Transfer Hook program ID

const [pda] = PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync(
  [Buffer.from("extra-account-metas"), mint.publicKey.toBuffer()],
  program.programId, // transfer hook program ID
);

By storing the extra accounts required by the Execute instruction in the extra_account_meta_list PDA, these accounts can be automatically added to a token transfer instruction from the client. We'll see how to do that in the off-chain section.

1. initialize_extra_account_meta_list instruction: #

When we transfer a token using the Token Extensions Program, the program will examine our mint to determine if it has a transfer hook. If a transfer hook is present, the Token Extensions Program will initiate a CPI (cross-program invocation) to our transfer hook program. The Token Extensions Program will then pass all the accounts in the transfer (including the extra accounts specified in the extra_account_meta_list) to the transfer hook program. However, before passing the 4 essential accounts (sender, mint, receiver, owner), it will de-escalate them (i.e. remove the mutable or signing abilities for security reasons).

In other words, when our hook receives these accounts, they will be read-only. The transfer hook program cannot modify these accounts, nor can it sign any transactions with them. Although we cannot alter or sign with any of these four accounts, we can specify is_signer and is_writable to any of the additional accounts in the extra_account_meta_list PDA. Additionally, we can use the extra_account_meta_list PDA as a signer for any new data accounts specified in the hook program.

The extra_account_meta_list has to be created before any transfer occurs. It's also worth noting that we can update the list of accounts in the extra_account_meta_list by implementing and using the UpdateExtraAccountMetaList instruction if necessary.

The extra_account_meta_list is just a list of ExtraAccountMeta. Let's take a look at the struct ExtraAccountMeta in the source code:

impl ExtraAccountMeta {
    /// Create a `ExtraAccountMeta` from a public key
    /// This represents standard `AccountMeta`
    pub fn new_with_pubkey(
        pubkey: &Pubkey,
        is_signer: bool,
        is_writable: bool,
    ) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        Ok(Self {
            discriminator: 0,
            address_config: pubkey.to_bytes(),
            is_signer: is_signer.into(),
            is_writable: is_writable.into(),
        })
    }
 
    /// Create an `ExtraAccountMeta` PDA from a list of seeds
    pub fn new_with_seeds(
        seeds: &[Seed],
        is_signer: bool,
        is_writable: bool,
    ) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        Ok(Self {
            discriminator: 1,
            address_config: Seed::pack_into_address_config(seeds)?,
            is_signer: is_signer.into(),
            is_writable: is_writable.into(),
        })
    }
 
    /// Create an `ExtraAccountMeta` PDA for an external program from a list of seeds
    /// This PDA belongs to a program elsewhere in the account list, rather
    /// than the executing program. For a PDA on the executing program, use
    /// `ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_seeds`.
    pub fn new_external_pda_with_seeds(
        program_index: u8,
        seeds: &[Seed],
        is_signer: bool,
        is_writable: bool,
    ) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        Ok(Self {
            discriminator: program_index
                .checked_add(U8_TOP_BIT)
                .ok_or(AccountResolutionError::InvalidSeedConfig)?,
            address_config: Seed::pack_into_address_config(seeds)?,
            is_signer: is_signer.into(),
            is_writable: is_writable.into(),
        })
    }

We have three methods for creating an ExtraAccountMeta:

  1. ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_pubkey - For any normal account (not a program account)

  2. ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_seeds - For a program account PDA from the calling transfer hook program

  3. ExtraAccountMeta::new_external_pda_with_seeds - For a program account PDA from a different external program

Now that we know the accounts we can store them in extra_account_meta_list. Let's talk about the InitializeExtraAccountMetaList instruction itself. For most implementations, it should simply just create the extra_account_meta_list account and load it up with any additional accounts it needs.

Let's take a look at a simple example where we'll initialize an extra_account_meta_list with two additional arbitrary accounts, some_account and a pda_account. The initialize_extra_account_meta_list function will do the following:

  1. Prepare the accounts we need to store in the extra_account_meta_list account as a vector (we'll discuss that in-depth in a moment).

  2. Calculate the size and rent required to store the list of ExtraAccountMetas.

  3. Make a CPI to the System Program to create an account and set the Transfer Hook Program as the owner, and then initialize the account data to store the list of ExtraAccountMetas.

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct InitializeExtraAccountMetaList<'info> {
  #[account(mut)]
  payer: Signer<'info>,
 
 /// CHECK: ExtraAccountMetaList Account, must use these seeds
  #[account(
        mut,
        seeds = [b"extra-account-metas", mint.key().as_ref()],
        bump
    )]
  pub extra_account_meta_list: AccountInfo<'info>,
  pub mint: InterfaceAccount<'info, Mint>,
 
  pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
 
  // Accounts to add to the extra-account-metas
  pub some_account: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
  #[account(seeds = [b"some-seed"], bump)]
  pub pda_account: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
 
}
 
pub fn initialize_extra_account_meta_list(ctx: Context<InitializeExtraAccountMetaList>) -> Result<()> {
  let account_metas = vec![
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_pubkey(&ctx.accounts.some_account.key(), false, true)?, // Read only
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_seeds(
      &[
        Seed::Literal {
          bytes: "some-seed".as_bytes().to_vec(),
        },
      ],
      true, // is_signer
      true // is_writable
    )?,
  ];
 
  // calculate account size
  let account_size = ExtraAccountMetaList::size_of(account_metas.len())? as u64;
 
  // calculate minimum required lamports
  let lamports = Rent::get()?.minimum_balance(account_size as usize);
 
  let mint = ctx.accounts.mint.key();
  let signer_seeds: &[&[&[u8]]] = &[&[b"extra-account-metas", &mint.as_ref(), &[ctx.bumps.extra_account_meta_list]]];
 
  // create ExtraAccountMetaList account
  create_account(
    CpiContext::new(ctx.accounts.system_program.to_account_info(), CreateAccount {
      from: ctx.accounts.payer.to_account_info(),
      to: ctx.accounts.extra_account_meta_list.to_account_info(),
    }).with_signer(signer_seeds),
    lamports,
    account_size,
    ctx.program_id
  )?;
 
  // initialize ExtraAccountMetaList account with extra accounts
  ExtraAccountMetaList::init::<ExecuteInstruction>(
    &mut ctx.accounts.extra_account_meta_list.try_borrow_mut_data()?,
    &account_metas
  )?;
 
  Ok(())
}

Let's dive a little deeper into the ExtraAccountMeta you can store.

You can directly store the account address, store the seeds to derive a PDA of the program itself and store the seeds to derive a PDA for a program other than the Transfer Hook program.

The first method is straightforward ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_pubkey; you just need an account address. You can pass it to the instruction or get it from a library (like the system program or the token program), or you can even hardcode it.

However, the most interesting part here is storing the seeds, and it could either be a PDA of the transfer hook program itself or a PDA of another program like an associated token account. We can do both of them by using ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_seeds and ExtraAccountMeta::new_external_pda_with_seeds, respectively, and pass the seeds to them.

To learn how we could pass the seeds, let's take a look at the source code itself:

pub fn new_with_seeds(
  seeds: &[Seed],
  is_signer: bool,
  is_writable: bool,
)
 
pub fn new_external_pda_with_seeds(
  program_index: u8,
  seeds: &[Seed],
  is_signer: bool,
  is_writable: bool,
)

Both of these methods are similar; the only change is we need to pass the program_id for the PDAs that are not of our program in the new_external_pda_with_seeds method. Other than that we need to provide a list of seeds (which we'll talk about soon) and two booleans for is_signer and is_writable to determine if the account should be a signer or writable.

Providing the seeds themselves takes a little explanation. Hard-coded literal seeds are easy enough, but what happens if you want a seed to be variable, say created with the public key of a passed-in account? To make sense of this, let's break it down to make it easier to understand. First, take a look at the seed enum implementation from spl_tlv_account_resolution::seeds::Seed:

pub enum Seed
    /// Uninitialized configuration byte space
    Uninitialized,
    /// A literal hard-coded argument
    /// Packed as:
    ///     * 1 - Discriminator
    ///     * 1 - Length of literal
    ///     * N - Literal bytes themselves
    Literal {
        /// The literal value represented as a vector of bytes.
        ///
        /// For example, if a literal value is a string literal,
        /// such as "my-seed", this value would be
        /// `"my-seed".as_bytes().to_vec()`.
        bytes: Vec<u8>,
    },
    /// An instruction-provided argument, to be resolved from the instruction
    /// data
    /// Packed as:
    ///     * 1 - Discriminator
    ///     * 1 - Start index of instruction data
    ///     * 1 - Length of instruction data starting at index
    InstructionData {
        /// The index where the bytes of an instruction argument begin
        index: u8,
        /// The length of the instruction argument (number of bytes)
        ///
        /// Note: Max seed length is 32 bytes, so `u8` is appropriate here
        length: u8,
    },
    /// The public key of an account from the entire accounts list.
    /// Note: This includes any extra accounts required.
    ///
    /// Packed as:
    ///     * 1 - Discriminator
    ///     * 1 - Index of account in the accounts list
    AccountKey {
        /// The index of the account in the entire accounts list
        index: u8,
    },
    /// An argument to be resolved from the inner data of some account
    /// Packed as:
    ///     * 1 - Discriminator
    ///     * 1 - Index of account in the accounts list
    ///     * 1 - Start index of account data
    ///     * 1 - Length of account data starting at index
    AccountData {
        /// The index of the account in the entire accounts list
        account_index: u8,
        /// The index where the bytes of an account data argument begin
        data_index: u8,
        /// The length of the argument (number of bytes)
        ///
        /// Note: Max seed length is 32 bytes, so `u8` is appropriate here
        length: u8,
    },
}

As we can see from the code above, there are four main ways to provide seeds:

  1. A literal hard-coded argument, such as the string "some-seed".

  2. An instruction-provided argument, to be resolved from the instruction data. This can be done by giving the start index and the length of the data we want to have as a seed.

  3. The public key of an account from the entire accounts list. This can be done by giving the index of the account (we'll talk about this more soon).

  4. An argument to be resolved from the inner data of some account. This can be done by giving the index of the account, the start index of the data, along with the length of the data we want to have as a seed.

To use the 2 last methods of setting the seed, you need to get the account index. This represents the index of the account passed into the Execute function of the hook. The indexes are standardized:

  • index 0-3 will always be, source, mint, destination, and owner respectively

  • index 4: will be the extra_account_meta_list

  • index 5+: will be in whatever order you create your account_metas

    // index 0-3 are the accounts required for token transfer (source, mint, destination, owner)
    // index 4 is the extra_account_meta_list account
  let account_metas = vec![
    // index 5 - some_account
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_pubkey(&ctx.accounts.some_account.key(), false, true)?,
    // index 6 - pda_account
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_seeds(
      &[
        Seed::Literal {
          bytes: "some-seed".as_bytes().to_vec(),
        },
      ],
      true, // is_signer
      true // is_writable
    )?,
  ];

Now, let's say that the pda_account was created from "some-seed" and belonged to some_account. This is where we can specify the account key index:

  // index 0-3 are the accounts required for token transfer (source, mint, destination, owner)
  // index 4 is the extra_account_meta_list account
  let account_metas = vec![
    // index 5 - some_account
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_pubkey(&ctx.accounts.some_account.key(), false, true)?,
    // index 6 - pda_account
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_seeds(
      &[
        Seed::AccountKey {
          index: 5, // index of `some_account`
        },
        Seed::Literal {
          bytes: "some-seed".as_bytes().to_vec(),
        },
      ],
      true, // is_signer
      true // is_writable
    )?,
  ];

Note: remember that the accounts indexed 0-4 are defined by the Execute function of the transfer hook. They are: source, mint, destination, owner, extra_account_meta_list respectively. The first four of which, are de-escalated, or read-only. These will always be read-only. If you try to be sneaky and add any of these first four accounts into the extra_account_meta_list, they will always be interpreted as read-only, even if you specify them differently with is_writable or is_signer.

2. transfer_hook Instruction #

In Anchor, when the Execute function is called, it looks for and calls the transfer_hook instruction. It is the place where we can implement our custom logic for the token transfer.

When the Token Extensions Program invokes our program, it will invoke this instruction and pass to it all the accounts plus the amount of the transfer that just happened. The first 5 accounts will always be source, mint, destination, owner, extraAccountMetaList, and the rest are the extra accounts that we added to the ExtraAccountMetaList account if there is any.

Let's take a look at an example TransferHook struct for this instruction:

// Order of accounts matters for this struct.
// The first 4 accounts are the accounts required for token transfer (source, mint, destination, owner)
// Remaining accounts are the extra accounts required from the ExtraAccountMetaList account
// These accounts are provided via CPI to this program from the Token Extensions Program
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct TransferHook<'info> {
  #[account(token::mint = mint, token::authority = owner)]
  pub source_token: InterfaceAccount<'info, TokenAccount>,
  pub mint: InterfaceAccount<'info, Mint>,
  #[account(token::mint = mint)]
  pub destination_token: InterfaceAccount<'info, TokenAccount>,
  /// CHECK: source token account owner
  /// This account is not being checked because it is used for ownership validation within the `transfer_hook` instruction.
  pub owner: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
 
  /// CHECK: ExtraAccountMetaList Account,
  /// This account list is not being checked because it is used dynamically within the program logic.
  #[account(seeds = [b"extra-account-metas", mint.key().as_ref()], bump)]
  pub extra_account_meta_list: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
 
  // Accounts to add to the extra-account-metas
  pub some_account: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
  #[account(seeds = [b"some-seed"], bump)]
  pub pda_account: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
}

As mentioned in the comment, the order here matters; we need the first 5 accounts as shown above, and then the rest of the accounts need to follow the order of the accounts in the extraAccountMetaList account.

Other than that, you can write any functionality you want in within the transfer hook. But remember, if the hook fails, the entire transaction fails.

  pub fn transfer_hook(ctx: Context<TransferHook>, amount: u64) -> Result<()> {
    // do your logic here
    Ok(())
  }

3. Fallback #

One last caveat to the onchain portion of transfer hooks: when dealing with Anchor, we need to specify a fallback instruction in the Anchor program to handle the Cross-Program Invocation (CPI) from the Token Extensions Program.

This is necessary because Anchor generates instruction discriminators differently from the ones used in the Transfer Hook interface instructions. The instruction discriminator for the transfer_hook instruction will not match the one for the Transfer Hook interface.

Next, versions of Anchor should solve this for us, but for now, we can implement this simple workaround:

// fallback instruction handler as work-around to anchor instruction discriminator check
pub fn fallback<'info>(program_id: &Pubkey, accounts: &'info [AccountInfo<'info>], data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
  let instruction = TransferHookInstruction::unpack(data)?;
 
  // match instruction discriminator to transfer hook interface execute instruction
  // token2022 program CPIs this instruction on token transfer
  match instruction {
      TransferHookInstruction::Execute { amount } => {
      let amount_bytes = amount.to_le_bytes();
 
      // invoke custom transfer hook instruction on our program
      __private::__global::transfer_hook(program_id, accounts, &amount_bytes)
      }
      _ => {
      return Err(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData.into());
      }
  }
}

Using transfer hooks from the frontend #

Now that we've looked at the onchain portion, let's look at how we interact with them in the frontend.

Let's assume we have a deployed Solana program that follows the Transfer Hook Interface.

In order to create a mint with a transfer hook and ensure successful transfers, follow these steps:

  1. Create the mint with the transfer hook extension and point to the onchain transfer hook program you want to use.

  2. Initialize the extraAccountList account. This step must be done before any transfer, and it is the responsibility of the mint owner/creator. It only needs to happen once for each mint.

  3. Make sure to pass all the required accounts when invoking the transfer instruction from the Token Extensions Program.

Create a Mint with the Transfer-Hook Extension: #

To create a mint with the transfer-hook extension, we need three instructions:

  1. createAccount - Reserves space on the blockchain for the mint account

  2. createInitializeTransferHookInstruction - initializes the transfer hook extension, this takes the transfer hook's program address as a parameter.

  3. createInitializeMintInstruction - Initializes the mint.

const extensions = [ExtensionType.TransferHook];
 
const mintLen = getMintLen(extensions);
 
const lamports = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(mintLen);
 
const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  // Allocate the mint account
  SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
    newAccountPubkey: mint.publicKey,
    space: mintLen,
    lamports: lamports,
    programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
  }),
  // Initialize the transfer hook extension and point to our program
  createInitializeTransferHookInstruction(
    mint.publicKey,
    wallet.publicKey,
    program.programId, // Transfer Hook Program ID
    TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
  ),
  // Initialize mint instruction
  createInitializeMintInstruction(mint.publicKey, decimals, wallet.publicKey, null, TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID),

Initialize ExtraAccountMetaList account: #

The next step of getting the mint ready for any transactions is initializing the ExtraAccountMetaList. Generally, this is done by calling the initializeExtraAccountMetaList function on the program containing the transfer hook. Since this is part of the Transfer Hook Interface, this should be standardized. Additionally, if the transfer hook program was made with Anchor, it will most likely have autogenerated IDLs, which are TypeScript interfaces that represent the instructions and accounts of the program. This makes it easy to interact with the program from the client side.

If you made your own program in Anchor, the IDLs will be in the target/idl folder after compilation. Inside tests or client code you can access the methods directly from anchor.workspace.program_name.method:

import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
 
const program = anchor.workspace.TransferHook as anchor.Program<TransferHook>;
// now program.method will give you the methods of the program

so to initialize the ExtraAccountMetaList all that we need to do is to call the initializeExtraAccountMetaList from the methods and pass the right accounts to it, you can use the autocomplete feature to get more help with that

const initializeExtraAccountMetaListInstruction = await program.methods
  .initializeExtraAccountMetaList()
  .accounts({
    mint: mint.publicKey,
    extraAccountMetaList: extraAccountMetaListPDA,
    anotherMint: crumbMint.publicKey,
  })
  .instruction();
 
const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  initializeExtraAccountMetaListInstruction,
);

After calling initializeExtraAccountMetaList, you're all set to transfer tokens with the transfer hook enabled mint.

Transfer tokens successfully: #

To actually transfer tokens with the transfer hook extension, you need to call createTransferCheckedWithTransferHookInstruction. This is a special helper function provided by @solana/spl-token that will gather and submit all of the needed extra accounts needed to be specified in the ExtraAccountMetaList.

const transferInstruction =
  await createTransferCheckedWithTransferHookInstruction(
    connection,
    sourceTokenAccount,
    mint.publicKey,
    destinationTokenAccount,
    wallet.publicKey,
    BigInt(1), // amount
    0, // Decimals
    [],
    "confirmed",
    TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
  );

Under the hood, the createTransferCheckedWithTransferHookInstruction method will examine if the mint has a transfer hook, if it does it will get the extra accounts and add them to the transfer instruction. Take a look at the source code

/**
 * Construct an transferChecked instruction with extra accounts for transfer hook
 *
 * @param connection            Connection to use
 * @param source                Source account
 * @param mint                  Mint to update
 * @param destination           Destination account
 * @param owner                 Owner of the source account
 * @param amount                The amount of tokens to transfer
 * @param decimals              Number of decimals in transfer amount
 * @param multiSigners          The signer account(s) for a multisig
 * @param commitment            Commitment to use
 * @param programId             SPL Token program account
 *
 * @return Instruction to add to a transaction
 */
export async function createTransferCheckedWithTransferHookInstruction(
  connection: Connection,
  source: PublicKey,
  mint: PublicKey,
  destination: PublicKey,
  owner: PublicKey,
  amount: bigint,
  decimals: number,
  multiSigners: (Signer | PublicKey)[] = [],
  commitment?: Commitment,
  programId = TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
) {
  const instruction = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
    source,
    mint,
    destination,
    owner,
    amount,
    decimals,
    multiSigners,
    programId,
  );
 
  const mintInfo = await getMint(connection, mint, commitment, programId);
  const transferHook = getTransferHook(mintInfo);
 
  if (transferHook) {
    await addExtraAccountMetasForExecute(
      connection,
      instruction,
      transferHook.programId,
      source,
      mint,
      destination,
      owner,
      amount,
      commitment,
    );
  }
 
  return instruction;
}

Theoretical Example - Artist Royalties #

Let's take what we know about the transfer hook extension and conceptually try to understand how we could implement artist royalties for NFTs. If you're not familiar, an artist royalty is a fee paid on any sale of an NFT. Historically, these were more suggestions than enforcements, since at any time, a user could strike a private deal and exchange their NFT for payment on a platform or program that did not enforce these royalties. That being said, we can get a little closer with transfer hooks.

First Approach - Transfer SOL right from the owner to the artist right in the hook. Although this may sound like a good avenue to try, it won't work, for two reasons. First, the hook would not know how much to pay the artist - this is because the transfer hook does not take any arguments other than the needed source, mint, destination, owner, extraAccountMetaList, and all of the accounts within the list. Secondly, we would be paying from the owner to the artist, which cannot be done since owner is deescalated. It cannot sign and it cannot be written to - this means we don't have the authority to update owner's balance. Although we can't use this approach, it's a good way to showcase the limitations of the transfer hook.

Second Approach - Create a data PDA owned by the extraAccountMetaList that tracks if the royalty has been paid. If it has, allow the transfer, if it has not, deny it. This approach is multi step and would require an additional function in the transfer hook program.

Say we have a new function called payRoyalty in our transfer hook program. This function would be required to:

  1. Create a data PDA owned by the extraAccountMetaList

a. This account would hold information about the trade

  1. Transfer the amount for the royalty from the owner to the artist.

  2. Update the data PDA with the sale information

Then you'd transfer, and all the transfer hook should do is check the sales data on the PDA. It would allow or disallow the transfer from there.

Remember this the above is just a theoretical discussion and is in no way all-encompassing. For example, how would you enforce the prices of the NFTs? Or, what if the owner of the NFT wants to transfer it to a different wallet of theirs - should there be an approved list of "allowed" wallets? Or, should the artist be a signer involved in every sale/transfer? This system design makes for a great homework assignment!

Lab #

In this lab we'll explore how transfer hooks work by creating a Cookie Crumb program. We'll have a Cookie NFT that has a transfer hook which will mint a Crumb SFT (NFT with a supply > 1) to the sender after each transfer - leaving a "crumb trail". A fun side effect is we'll able to tell how many times this NFT has been transferred just by looking at the crumb supply.

0. Setup #

1. Verify Solana/Anchor/Rust Versions #

We'll be interacting with the Token Extensions Program in this lab and that requires you to have the Solana CLI version ≥ 1.18.1.

To check your version run:

solana --version

If the version printed out after running solana --version is less than 1.18.0 then you can update the CLI version manually. Note, at the time of writing this, you cannot simply run the solana-install update command. This command will not update the CLI to the correct version for us, so we have to explicitly download version 1.18.0. You can do so with the following command:

solana-install init 1.18.1

If you run into this error at any point attempting to build the program, that likely means you do not have the correct version of the Solana CLI installed.

anchor build
error: package `solana-program v1.18.1` cannot be built because it requires rustc 1.72.0 or newer, while the currently active rustc version is 1.68.0-dev
Run:
cargo update -p solana-program@1.18.0 --precise ver
where `ver` is the latest version of `solana-program` supporting rustc 1.68.0-dev

You will also want the latest version of the Anchor CLI installed. You can follow the steps to update Anchor via avm

or simply run

avm install latest
avm use latest

At the time of writing, the latest version of the Anchor CLI is 0.30.1

Now, we should have all the correct versions installed.

2. Get starter code #

Let's grab the starter branch.

git clone https://github.com/Unboxed-Software/solana-lab-transfer-hooks
cd solana-lab-transfer-hooks
git checkout starter

3. Update Program ID and Anchor Keypair #

Once in the starter branch, run

anchor keys sync

This syncs your program key with the one in the Anchor.toml and the declared program id in the programs/transfer-hook/src/lib.rs file.

The last thing you have to do is set your keypair path in Anchor.toml:

[provider]
cluster = "Localnet"
wallet = "~/.config/solana/id.json"

4. Confirm the program builds #

Let's build the starter code to confirm we have everything configured correctly. If it does not build, please revisit the steps above.

anchor build

You can safely ignore the warnings of the build script, these will go away as we add in the necessary code. But at the end, you should see a message like this:

Finished release [optimized] target(s)

Feel free to run the provided tests to make sure the rest of the dev environment is set up correctly. You'll have to install the node dependencies using npm or yarn. The tests should run, but they'll all fail until we have completed our program.

yarn install
anchor test

We will be filling these tests in later.

1. Write the transfer hook program #

In this section we'll dive into writing the onchain transfer hook program using anchor, all the code will go into the programs/transfer-hook/src/lib.rs file.

Take a look inside lib.rs, you'll notice we have some starter code:

Three instructions

  • initialize_extra_account_meta_list

  • transfer_hook

  • fallback

Two instruction account structs

  • InitializeExtraAccountMetaList

  • TransferHook.

  • The initialize_extra_account_meta_list function initializes the additional accounts needed for the transfer hook.

  • The transfer_hook is the actual CPI called "after" the transfer has been made.

  • The fallback is an anchor adapter function we have to fill out.

We're going to look at each in depth.

1. Initialize Extra Account Meta List instruction #

The cookie transfer hook program needs some extra accounts to be able to mint the crumbs within the transfer_hook function, these are:

  1. crumb_mint - The "crumb" mint account of the token to be minted by the transfer_hook instruction.

  2. crumb_mint_ata - The associated token account of the crumb mint of the person sending the cookie.

  3. mint_authority - For the crumb mint, this will be the account owned by the transfer hook program

  4. token_program - this mint will be a regular SPL token mint.

  5. associated_token_program - needed to construct the ATA

We are going to store these accounts in the extra_account_meta_list account, by invoking the instruction initialize_extra_account_meta_list and passing the required accounts to it.

First, we have to build the struct InitializeExtraAccountMetaList, then we can write the instruction itself.

InitializeExtraAccountMetaList Struct

The Instruction requires the following accounts:

  1. extra_account_meta_list - The PDA that will hold the extra account.

  2. crumb_mint - The mint account of the crumb token.

  3. mint - The mint account of the cookie NFT.

  4. mint_authority - The mint authority account of the crumb token. - This is a PDA seeded by b"mint-authority"

  5. payer - The account that will pay for the creation of the extra_account_meta_list account.

  6. token_program - The token program account.

  7. system_program - The system program account.

The code for the struct will go as follows:

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct InitializeExtraAccountMetaList<'info> {
  #[account(mut)]
  payer: Signer<'info>,
 
  /// CHECK: ExtraAccountMetaList Account, must use these seeds
  #[account(
        mut,
        seeds = [b"extra-account-metas", mint.key().as_ref()],
        bump
    )]
  pub extra_account_meta_list: AccountInfo<'info>,
  pub mint: InterfaceAccount<'info, Mint>,
  pub token_program: Interface<'info, TokenInterface>,
  pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
 
  #[account(mint::authority = mint_authority)]
  pub crumb_mint: InterfaceAccount<'info, Mint>,
 
  /// CHECK: mint authority Account for crumb mint
  #[account(seeds = [b"mint-authority"], bump)]
  pub mint_authority: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
}

Note that we are not specifying the crumb_mint_ata or the associated_token_program. This is because the crumb_mint_ata is variable and will be driven by the other accounts in the extra_account_meta_list, and associated_token_program will be hardcoded.

Also, notice we are asking Anchor to drive the mint_authority account from the seed b"mint-authority". The resulting PDA allows the program itself to sign for the mint.

initialize_extra_account_meta_list Instruction

Let's write the initialize_extra_account_meta_list function, it will do the following:

  1. List the accounts required for the transfer hook instruction inside a vector.

  2. Calculate the size and rent required to store the list of extra_account_meta_list.

  3. Make a CPI to the System Program to create an account and set the Transfer Hook Program as the owner.

  4. Initialize the account data to store the list of extra_account_meta_list.

here is the code for it:

pub fn initialize_extra_account_meta_list(ctx: Context<InitializeExtraAccountMetaList>) -> Result<()> {
  // index 0-3 are the accounts required for token transfer (source, mint, destination, owner)
  // index 4 is the extra_account_meta_list account
  let account_metas = vec![
    // index 5, Token program
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_pubkey(&token::ID, false, false)?,
    // index 6, Associated Token program
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_pubkey(&associated_token_id, false, false)?,
    // index 7, crumb mint
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_pubkey(&ctx.accounts.crumb_mint.key(), false, true)?, // is_writable true
    // index 8, mint authority
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_with_seeds(
      &[
        Seed::Literal {
          bytes: "mint-authority".as_bytes().to_vec(),
        },
      ],
      false, // is_signer
      false // is_writable
    )?,
    // index 9, crumb mint ATA
    ExtraAccountMeta::new_external_pda_with_seeds(
      6, // associated token program index
      &[
        Seed::AccountKey { index: 3 }, // owner index
        Seed::AccountKey { index: 5 }, // token program index
        Seed::AccountKey { index: 7 }, // crumb mint index
      ],
      false, // is_signer
      true // is_writable
    )?
  ];
 
  // calculate account size
  let account_size = ExtraAccountMetaList::size_of(account_metas.len())? as u64;
  // calculate minimum required lamports
  let lamports = Rent::get()?.minimum_balance(account_size as usize);
 
  let mint = ctx.accounts.mint.key();
  let signer_seeds: &[&[&[u8]]] = &[&[b"extra-account-metas", &mint.as_ref(), &[ctx.bumps.extra_account_meta_list]]];
 
  // Create ExtraAccountMetaList account
  create_account(
    CpiContext::new(ctx.accounts.system_program.to_account_info(), CreateAccount {
      from: ctx.accounts.payer.to_account_info(),
      to: ctx.accounts.extra_account_meta_list.to_account_info(),
    }).with_signer(signer_seeds),
    lamports,
    account_size,
    ctx.program_id
  )?;
 
  // Initialize the account data to store the list of ExtraAccountMetas
  ExtraAccountMetaList::init::<ExecuteInstruction>(
    &mut ctx.accounts.extra_account_meta_list.try_borrow_mut_data()?,
    &account_metas
  )?;
 
  Ok(())
}

Pay careful attention to the indexes for each account. Most notably, see that index 9 is the index for the crumb_mint_ata account. It constructs the ATA using ExtraAccountMeta::new_external_pda_with_seeds and pass in the seeds from other accounts by their index. Specifically, the ATA belongs to whatever owner calls the transfer. So when a cookie is sent, the crumb will be minted to the sender.

2. Transfer Hook instruction #

In this step, we'll implement the transfer_hook instruction. This instruction will be called by the Token Extensions Program when a token transfer occurs.

The transfer_hook instruction will mint one crumb token each time a cookie transfer occurs.

Again we'll have a struct TransferHook that will hold the accounts required for the instruction.

TransferHook Struct

In our program the TransferHook struct will have 10 accounts:

  1. source_token - The source token account from which the NFT is transferred.

  2. mint - The mint account of the Cookie NFT.

  3. destination_token - The destination token account to which the NFT is transferred.

  4. owner - The owner of the source token account.

  5. extra_account_meta_list - The ExtraAccountMetaList account that stores the additional accounts required by the transfer_hook instruction

  6. token_program - The token program account.

  7. associated_token_program - The associated token program account.

  8. crumb_mint - The mint account of the token to be minted by the transfer_hook instruction.

  9. mint_authority - The mint authority account of the token to be minted by the transfer_hook instruction.

  10. crumb_mint_ata - The owner's ATA of the crumb mint

Info

Very Important Note: The order of accounts in this struct matters. This is the order in which the Token Extensions Program provides these accounts when it invokes this Transfer Hook program.

Here is the instruction struct:

// Order of accounts matters for this struct.
// The first 4 accounts are the accounts required for token transfer (source, mint, destination, owner)
// Remaining accounts are the extra accounts required from the ExtraAccountMetaList account
// These accounts are provided via CPI to this program from the Token Extensions Program
 
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct TransferHook<'info> {
  #[account(token::mint = mint, token::authority = owner)]
  pub source_token: InterfaceAccount<'info, TokenAccount>,
  pub mint: InterfaceAccount<'info, Mint>,
  #[account(token::mint = mint)]
  pub destination_token: InterfaceAccount<'info, TokenAccount>,
  /// CHECK: source token account owner
  pub owner: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
  /// CHECK: ExtraAccountMetaList Account,
  #[account(seeds = [b"extra-account-metas", mint.key().as_ref()], bump)]
  pub extra_account_meta_list: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
  pub token_program: Interface<'info, TokenInterface>,
  pub associated_token_program: Program<'info, AssociatedToken>,
  pub crumb_mint: InterfaceAccount<'info, Mint>,
  /// CHECK: mint authority Account,
  #[account(seeds = [b"mint-authority"], bump)]
  pub mint_authority: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
  #[account(
        token::mint = crumb_mint,
        token::authority = owner,
    )]
  pub crumb_mint_ata: InterfaceAccount<'info, TokenAccount>,
}

transfer_hook Instruction

This instruction is fairly simple, it will only make one CPI to the Token Program to mint a new crumb token for each transfer, all that we need to do is to pass the right accounts to the mint_to CPI.

Since the mint_authority is a PDA of the transfer hook program itself, the program can sign for it. Therefore we'll use new_with_signer and pass mint_authority seeds as the signer seeds.

pub fn transfer_hook(ctx: Context<TransferHook>, _amount: u64) -> Result<()> {
  let signer_seeds: &[&[&[u8]]] = &[&[b"mint-authority", &[ctx.bumps.mint_authority]]];
 
  // mint a crumb token for each transaction
  token::mint_to(
    CpiContext::new_with_signer(
      ctx.accounts.token_program.to_account_info(),
      token::MintTo {
        mint: ctx.accounts.crumb_mint.to_account_info(),
        to: ctx.accounts.crumb_mint_ata.to_account_info(),
        authority: ctx.accounts.mint_authority.to_account_info(),
      },
      signer_seeds
    ),
    1
  ).unwrap();
 
  Ok(())
}

You may have noticed that we are using token::mint_to instead of token_2022::mint_to, additionally in the extra_account_meta_list we're saving the Token Program, not the Token Extensions Program. This is because the crumb SFT has to be a Token Program mint, not a Token Extensions Program mint. The reason why is interesting: when first writing this, we wanted to make both the Cookie and Crumb tokens to be Token Extensions Program mints. However, when we did this, we would get a very interesting error: No Reentrancy. This happens because the transfer hook is called as a CPI from within the Token Extensions Program, and Solana does not allow recursive CPIs into the same program.

To illustrate:

Token Extensions Program -CPI-> Transfer Hook Program -❌CPI❌-> Token Extensions Progra
Token Extensions Program -CPI-> Transfer Hook Program -✅CPI✅-> Token Progra

So, that's why we're making the crumb SFT a Token Program mint.

3. Fallback instruction #

The last instruction we have to fill out is the fallback, this is necessary because Anchor generates instruction discriminators differently from the ones used in Transfer Hook interface instructions. The instruction discriminator for the transfer_hook instruction will not match the one for the Transfer Hook interface.

Newer versions of Anchor should solve this for us, but for now, we can implement this simple workaround:

// fallback instruction handler as a workaround to anchor instruction discriminator check
pub fn fallback<'info>(program_id: &Pubkey, accounts: &'info [AccountInfo<'info>], data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
  let instruction = TransferHookInstruction::unpack(data)?;
 
  // match instruction discriminator to transfer hook interface execute instruction
  // token2022 program CPIs this instruction on token transfer
  match instruction {
      TransferHookInstruction::Execute { amount } => {
      let amount_bytes = amount.to_le_bytes();
 
      // invoke custom transfer hook instruction on our program
      __private::__global::transfer_hook(program_id, accounts, &amount_bytes)
      }
      _ => {
      return Err(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData.into());
      }
  }
}

4. Build the program #

Let's make sure our program builds and that tests are runnable before we continue actually writing tests for it.

anchor test

This command will build, deploy and run tests within the tests/ directory.

If you're seeing any errors try to go through the steps again and make sure you didn't miss anything.

2. Write the tests #

Now we'll write some TS scripts to test our code. All of our tests will live inside tests/anchor.ts.

The outline of what will we do here is:

  1. Understand the environment

  2. Run the (empty) tests

  3. Write the "Create Cookie NFT with Transfer Hook and Metadata" test

  4. Write the "Create Crumb Mint" test

  5. Write the "Initializes ExtraAccountMetaList Account" test

  6. Write the "Transfer and Transfer Back" test

1. Understand the environment #

When anchor projects are created, they come configured to create typescript tests with mocha and chai. When you look at tests/anchor.ts you'll see everything already set up with the tests we'll create.

The following functionality is already provided to you:

  1. Get the program IDL.

  2. Get the wallet.

  3. Get the connection.

  4. Set up the environment

  5. Airdrop some SOLs into the wallet if needed before running any of the tests.

  6. 4 empty tests that we'll talk about later

Let's get familiar with the accounts pre-setup for us:

  • payerWallet: This is the wallet from Anchor.toml, it will be used to pay for everything

  • cookieMint: The Token Extensions Program mint we'll attach metadata and the transfer hook to

  • crumbMint: The Token Program mint we'll attach metadata to, this will be what's minted as a result of the transfer hook

  • recipient: Another wallet to send the cookie to/from

  • sourceCookieAccount: The ATA of the payer and the cookie mint

  • extraAccountMetaListPDA: Where we will store all of the extra accounts for our hook

  • crumbMintAuthority: The authority to mint the crumb, owned by the Transfer Hook program

We've also provided two sets of hardcoded metadata for the Cookie NFT and the Crumb SFT.

  • cookieMetadata

  • crumbMetadata

2. Running the tests #

Since the Crumb SFT is a Token Program mint, to attach metadata to it, we need to create a Metaplex metadata account. To do this, we need to include the Metaplex program. This has been provided for you.

If you take a look at Anchor.toml you'll see that we load in the Metaplex bpf at the genesis block. This gives our testing validator access to the account.

[test]
startup_wait = 5000
shutdown_wait = 2000
upgradeable = false
 
[[test.genesis]]
address = "metaqbxxUerdq28cj1RbAWkYQm3ybzjb6a8bt518x1s"
program = "tests/metaplex_token_metadata_program.so"

If you wish to run a separate local validator to look at the explorer links, you can. However, you need to start your local validator such that it loads in the Metaplex program at genesis.

In a separate terminal within the project directory run:

solana-test-validator --bpf-program metaqbxxUerdq28cj1RbAWkYQm3ybzjb6a8bt518x1s ./tests/metaplex_token_metadata_program.so

Then you can test with:

anchor test --skip-local-validator

Our first test will create our Cookie NFT, which will have metadata and our transfer hook attached.

To accomplish all of this we will create several instructions:

  • SystemProgram.createAccount: Saves space for the mint on the blockchain

  • createInitializeMetadataPointerInstruction: Points to the mint itself since the metadata will be stored within the mint

  • createInitializeTransferHookInstruction: Configures the transfer function to call our transfer hook program

  • createInitializeMintInstruction: Initializes the mint account

  • createInitializeInstruction: Adds the metadata to the mint

  • createAssociatedTokenAccountInstruction: Creates the ATA for the mint to be minted to - owned by the payer

  • createMintToInstruction: Mints one NFT to the ATA

  • createSetAuthorityInstruction: Revokes the mint authority, making a true non-fungible token.

Send all of these instructions in a transaction to the blockchain up and you have Cookie NFT:

it("Creates a Cookie NFT with Transfer Hook and Metadata", async () => {
  // NFTs have 0 decimals
  const decimals = 0;
 
  const extensions = [
    ExtensionType.TransferHook,
    ExtensionType.MetadataPointer,
  ];
  const mintLen = getMintLen(extensions);
  const metadataLen = TYPE_SIZE + LENGTH_SIZE + pack(cookieMetadata).length;
  const lamports = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(
    mintLen + metadataLen,
  );
 
  const transaction = new Transaction().add(
    SystemProgram.createAccount({
      fromPubkey: payerWallet.publicKey,
      newAccountPubkey: cookieMint.publicKey,
      space: mintLen,
      lamports: lamports,
      programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    }),
    createInitializeMetadataPointerInstruction(
      cookieMint.publicKey, //mint
      payerWallet.publicKey, //authority
      cookieMint.publicKey, //metadata address
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    ),
    createInitializeTransferHookInstruction(
      cookieMint.publicKey, // mint
      payerWallet.publicKey, // authority
      program.programId, // Transfer Hook Program ID
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    ),
    createInitializeMintInstruction(
      cookieMint.publicKey, // mint
      decimals, // decimals
      payerWallet.publicKey, // mint authority
      null, // freeze authority
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    ),
    createInitializeInstruction({
      programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
      mint: cookieMint.publicKey,
      metadata: cookieMint.publicKey,
      name: cookieMetadata.name,
      symbol: cookieMetadata.symbol,
      uri: cookieMetadata.uri,
      mintAuthority: payerWallet.publicKey,
      updateAuthority: payerWallet.publicKey,
    }),
    createAssociatedTokenAccountInstruction(
      payerWallet.publicKey, // payer
      sourceCookieAccount, // associated token account
      payerWallet.publicKey, // owner
      cookieMint.publicKey, // mint
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    ),
    createMintToInstruction(
      cookieMint.publicKey, // mint
      sourceCookieAccount, // destination
      payerWallet.publicKey, // authority
      1, // amount - NFTs there will only be one
      [], // multi signers
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    ),
    createSetAuthorityInstruction(
      // revoke mint authority
      cookieMint.publicKey, // mint
      payerWallet.publicKey, // current authority
      AuthorityType.MintTokens, // authority type
      null, // new authority
      [], // multi signers
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    ),
  );
 
  const txSig = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transaction, [
    payerWallet.payer,
    cookieMint,
  ]);
  console.log(getExplorerLink("transaction", txSig, "localnet"));
});

Feel free to run the first test to make sure everything is working:

anchor test

4. Write the "Create Crumb Mint" test #

Now that we have our cookie NFT, we need our crumb SFTs. Creating the crumbs that will be minted on each transfer of our cookie will be our second test.

Remember our crumbs are a Token Program mint, and to attach metadata we need to use Metaplex.

First, we need to grab some Metaplex accounts and format our metadata.

To format our metadata, we need to satisfy Metaplex's DataV2 struct - for this, we only need to append some additional fields to our crumbMetadata.

The Metaplex accounts we will need are:

  • TOKEN_METADATA_PROGRAM_ID: The Metaplex program

  • metadataPDA: The metadata account PDA derived from our crumbMint

Lastly, to create our crumb, we need the following instructions:

  • SystemProgram.createAccount: Saves space for our mint

  • createInitializeMintInstruction: Initializes our mint

  • createCreateMetadataAccountV3Instruction: Creates the metadata account

  • createSetAuthorityInstruction: This sets the mint authority to the crumbMintAuthority, which is the PDA our transfer hook program owns

Putting it all together we get the following:

it("Create Crumb Mint", async () => {
  // SFT Should have 0 decimals
  const decimals = 0;
 
  const size = MINT_SIZE;
 
  const lamports = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(size);
 
  const TOKEN_METADATA_PROGRAM_ID = new PublicKey(
    "metaqbxxUerdq28cj1RbAWkYQm3ybzjb6a8bt518x1s",
  );
 
  const metadataData: DataV2 = {
    ...crumbMetadata,
    sellerFeeBasisPoints: 0,
    creators: null,
    collection: null,
    uses: null,
  };
 
  const metadataPDAAndBump = PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync(
    [
      Buffer.from("metadata"),
      TOKEN_METADATA_PROGRAM_ID.toBuffer(),
      crumbMint.publicKey.toBuffer(),
    ],
    TOKEN_METADATA_PROGRAM_ID,
  );
 
  const metadataPDA = metadataPDAAndBump[0];
 
  const transaction = new Transaction().add(
    SystemProgram.createAccount({
      fromPubkey: payerWallet.publicKey,
      newAccountPubkey: crumbMint.publicKey,
      space: size,
      lamports: lamports,
      programId: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    }),
    createInitializeMintInstruction(
      crumbMint.publicKey, // mint
      decimals, // decimals
      payerWallet.publicKey, // mint authority
      null, // freeze authority
      TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    ),
    createCreateMetadataAccountV3Instruction(
      {
        metadata: metadataPDA,
        mint: crumbMetadata.mint,
        mintAuthority: payerWallet.publicKey,
        payer: payerWallet.publicKey,
        updateAuthority: payerWallet.publicKey,
      },
      {
        createMetadataAccountArgsV3: {
          collectionDetails: null,
          data: metadataData,
          isMutable: true,
        },
      },
    ),
    createSetAuthorityInstruction(
      // set authority to transfer hook PDA
      crumbMint.publicKey, // mint
      payerWallet.publicKey, // current authority
      AuthorityType.MintTokens, // authority type
      crumbMintAuthority, // new authority
      [], // multi signers
      TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    ),
  );
 
  const txSig = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
    provider.connection,
    transaction,
    [payerWallet.payer, crumbMint],
    { skipPreflight: true },
  );
 
  console.log(getExplorerLink("transaction", txSig, "localnet"));
});

5. Write the "Initializes ExtraAccountMetaList Account" test #

Our next test is the last step of setup before we can start transferring our cookie and seeing the transfer hook work. We need to create the ExtraAccountMetaList account.

We only need to execute one instruction this time: initializeExtraAccountMetaList. This is the function that we've implemented.

Remember it takes the following additional accounts:

  • mint: The cookie mint

  • extraAccountMetaList: The PDA that holds the extra accounts

  • crumbMint: The crumb mint

// Account to store extra accounts required by the transfer hook instruction
it("Initializes ExtraAccountMetaList Account", async () => {
  const initializeExtraAccountMetaListInstruction = await program.methods
    .initializeExtraAccountMetaList()
    .accounts({
      mint: cookieMint.publicKey,
      extraAccountMetaList: extraAccountMetaListPDA,
      crumbMint: crumbMint.publicKey,
    })
    .instruction();
 
  const transaction = new Transaction().add(
    initializeExtraAccountMetaListInstruction,
  );
 
  const txSig = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
    provider.connection,
    transaction,
    [payerWallet.payer],
    {
      skipPreflight: true,
      commitment: "confirmed",
    },
  );
 
  console.log(getExplorerLink("transaction", txSig, "localnet"));
});

6. Write the "Transfer and Transfer Back" test #

Our last test is to transfer our cookie back and forth and see that our crumbs have been minted to both payerWallet and recipient.

But before we transfer, we have to create the ATAs to hold the cookie and crumb tokens for both the payerWallet and recipient. We can do this by calling getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount. And we only need to do this to get the following: destinationCookieAccount, sourceCrumbAccount and, destinationCrumbAccount,

because sourceCookieAccount was created when we minted the NFT.

To transfer, we call createTransferCheckedWithTransferHookInstruction. This takes the following:

  • connection: Connection to use

  • source: Source token account

  • mint: Mint to transfer

  • destination: Destination token account

  • owner: Owner of the source token account

  • amount: Amount to transfer

  • decimals: Decimals of the mint

  • multiSigners: The signer account(s) for a multisig

  • commitment: Commitment to use

  • programId: SPL Token program account

We will call this twice, to and from the recipient.

You may notice that this does not take any of the additional accounts we need for the transfer hook like the crumbMint for example. This is because this function fetches the extraAccountMeta for us and automatically includes all of the accounts needed! That being said, it is asynchronous, so we will have to await it.

Lastly, after the transfers, we'll grab the crumb mint and assert the total supply is two, and that both the sourceCrumbAccount and the destinationCrumbAccount have some crumbs.

Putting this all together we get our final test:

it("Transfer and Transfer Back", async () => {
  const amount = BigInt(1);
  const decimals = 0;
 
  // Create all of the needed ATAs
  const destinationCookieAccount = (
    await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
      connection,
      payerWallet.payer,
      cookieMint.publicKey,
      recipient.publicKey,
      false,
      undefined,
      { commitment: "confirmed" },
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    )
  ).address;
 
  const sourceCrumbAccount = (
    await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
      connection,
      payerWallet.payer,
      crumbMint.publicKey,
      payerWallet.publicKey,
      false,
      undefined,
      { commitment: "confirmed" },
      TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    )
  ).address;
 
  const destinationCrumbAccount = (
    await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
      connection,
      payerWallet.payer,
      crumbMint.publicKey,
      recipient.publicKey,
      false,
      undefined,
      { commitment: "confirmed" },
      TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
    )
  ).address;
 
  // Standard token transfer instruction
  const transferInstruction =
    await createTransferCheckedWithTransferHookInstruction(
      connection,
      sourceCookieAccount,
      cookieMint.publicKey,
      destinationCookieAccount,
      payerWallet.publicKey,
      amount,
      decimals, // Decimals
      [],
      "confirmed",
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    );
 
  const transferBackInstruction =
    await createTransferCheckedWithTransferHookInstruction(
      connection,
      destinationCookieAccount,
      cookieMint.publicKey,
      sourceCookieAccount,
      recipient.publicKey,
      amount,
      decimals, // Decimals
      [],
      "confirmed",
      TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    );
 
  const transaction = new Transaction().add(
    transferInstruction,
    transferBackInstruction,
  );
  const txSig = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
    connection,
    transaction,
    [payerWallet.payer, recipient],
    {
      skipPreflight: true,
    },
  );
 
  console.log(getExplorerLink("transaction", txSig, "localnet"));
 
  const mintInfo = await getMint(
    connection,
    crumbMint.publicKey,
    "processed",
    TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
  );
 
  const sourceCrumbAccountInfo = await getAccount(
    connection,
    sourceCrumbAccount,
    "processed",
    TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
  );
 
  const destinationCrumbAccountInfo = await getAccount(
    connection,
    destinationCrumbAccount,
    "processed",
    TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
  );
 
  expect(Number(mintInfo.supply)).to.equal(2);
  expect(Number(sourceCrumbAccountInfo.amount)).to.equal(1);
  expect(Number(destinationCrumbAccountInfo.amount)).to.equal(1);
 
  console.log("\nCrumb Count:", Number(mintInfo.supply));
  console.log("Source Crumb Amount:", Number(sourceCrumbAccountInfo.amount));
  console.log(
    "Destination Crumb Amount\n",
    Number(destinationCrumbAccountInfo.amount),
  );
});

Go ahead and run all of the tests:

anchor test

They should all be passing!

If you want to take a look at any of the Explorer links do the following:

In a separate terminal within the project directory run:

solana-test-validator --bpf-program metaqbxxUerdq28cj1RbAWkYQm3ybzjb6a8bt518x1s ./tests/metaplex_token_metadata_program.so

Then you can test with:

anchor test --skip-local-validator

Thats it! You've created a mint with a transfer hook!

Challenge #

Amend the transfer hook such that anyone who has a crumb cannot get their cookie back.

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